The error  AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'id' occurs when you uninstall one of the apps, most likely the Discuss app. After trying installing and uninstalling different apps (Projects, Inventory Management, Manufacturing, Employee Directory, etc.) I noticed that this error occurs only when you uninstall the Discuss app.

So far, the only solution I found was to drop the database.

Connect to the postgres database: psql postgres (Note: you cannot be connected to the database you want to drop)
Drop the database DROP DATABASE databasename;
Quit postgres \q

Restart the Odoo server with ./odoo-bin  and open localhost:8069 in your browser. Odoo will ask you to create a new database.

Now, this solution worked for me as I just installed Odoo and had only the sample data yet. But for anyone who has live data in the database, a better solution might be recommended.

Update:

A better solution is to make sure you have the Database Cleanup module installed be installing/uninstalling apps. You can see it with this tutorial here.

Assuming that you still have the error occurring, go to Settings > General Settings > Database cleanup > Purge obsolete tables

Click on the Select lines button.

Check the “mail_compose_message” line and click on Purge in the Action drop-down.

This should fix the issue. You should now be able to install new apps.